Compendium Review 7

*Human Life Cycle

-mitosis

-meiosis

-male reproduction system

-female reproduction system

-control of reproduction

-fertilization

-embryo development

-fetal development

-pregnancy and birth

-development after birth

*Mitosis

-duplication division

-takes place during growth and repair of tissues

*Meiosis

-reduction division

-only in the testes of males during production of sperm

-in the ovaries of females during the production of eggs

-chromosomes are reduced from the normal 46 called diploid down to 23 which is called haploid

*Male reproduction system

-testes are the primary sex organ that are contained in the scrotum

-vas deferens pass into the abdominal cavity, where it curves around the bladder and empties into an ejaculatory duct

-urethra is what the ducts are called

-semen is what you call the sperm that ejaculate from the penis

-seminal vesicles lie at the base of the bladder, and each has a duct that join with a vas deferen

-prostate gland is a single, donut-shaped gland that surrounds the upper portion of the urethra just below the bladder

-bulbourethral glands are pea-sized organs that lie posterior to the prostate on either side of the urethra

*Testes

-seminiferous tubules contain within lobules

-spermatogenesis is the production of sperm

-sertoli cells, support, nourish, and regulate the process of spermatogenesis

-sperm that is mature has three parts:

--a head

--a middle peice

--a tail

-chrosome stores enzymes needed to penetrate the egg

*Female Reproduction System

-ovaries lie in a shallow depression

-eggs are produced by the ocaries

-zygote is a formation, fertilization,that usually takes place in the oviduct

-implantation occurs-the embryo embeds in the uterine lining, which has been prepared to receive it

-pap testis to detect cancer of the cervix

-endometriom is the lining of the uterus

THE OVARIAN CYCLE

THIS PICTURE IS THE FEMALE HORMONE LEVELS

The ovarain follicle produces increasing levels of estrogen, which cause the endometrium to thicken during the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle. After ovulation and during the luteal phase of the ovarain cycle, LH promotes the development of the corpus luteum.

THIS IS A PICTURE OF THE EFFECT OF PRENANCY

If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum does not regress. Instead, the corpus luteum is maintained and secretes increasing amounts of progesterone. Therefor, menstruation does not occur, and the uterine lining, where the embryo resides, is maintained.

*Birth control methods

*birth control pill

-contain a synthetic estrogen and progesterone

-fools body into acting like it is pregnacy has occured

-thickens the cervical mucus preventing sperm entry into the uterus

*abstinence

-100% effective

-best way to not get pregnate

*female condum
-is fitted for the vagina

-prevents sperm from entering

-79% effective

*male condum

-latex that fits over the penis

-prevents sperm from going into the vagina

-prevents against STD's

-89% effective

*Fertilization

-sperm swim with their tails

-the head of the sperm makes its way through the cornoa radiata

-acroaomal enzymes digest a porton of zona pellucida

-sperm binds binds to and fuses with the eggs plasma membrane

-sperm nucleus enters cytoplasm of egg

-cortical granules releaseenzymes

*Pre-Embryonic Development

-pre-embryonic development encompasses the events of the first week, as shown

-morula is a compact ball of embryonic cells that become a blastocyst

-inner cell mass surrounded by an outer layer of cells

-chorion emphasizes the complete dependence of the developing embryo on this extraembryonic membrane

*Embryonic Development

-begins with the second weeek and last until the second month

-by the second week the embryo inbeds itself into the uterus

-ectopic pregnancy can not succeed because an oviduct is unable to support it

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By the third week the nervous system and the heart begin to develop